A Fully Implicit Electromagnetic Energy- and Charge-Conserving PIC Model for High-β Plasma Simulations

This paper generalizes a fully implicit Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method to the electromagnetic case while preserving exact conservation of global energy and local charge. The model enables simulations of plasma equilibria with high ratios of plasma pressure to magnetic field pressure (high-β), including extreme β regimes, which are characteristic of open magnetic traps. The implicit formulation allows for larger timesteps compared to explicit methods while maintaining numerical stability in electromagnetic plasma dynamics.